Struggle and Survival in Colonial America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Struggle and Survival in Colonial America - Essay Example The harsh natural environment in which the native American Indians had lived upon at that time required them to band together for their ultimate survival. This communal basis of society in the native Americans had remained, while the settlers disintegrated. Their concept of a community hinged on common ownership of their lands and common membership in the sacred natural order (Sweet & Nash 18). On the other hand, the European concepts of private property (or termed as a private enterprise) and the individual exploitation of nature for one's own profits, did not allow for the collective modes of behavior observed in native American Indians. The settlers forced the natives to adapt to this lifestyle and forgo community living. The arrival of the first white settlers at the tidewaters of Virginia had divided a tribe of Indians termed collectively as Powhatans. The tribe at Virginia at that time were known as the Algonquian Indians the most famous of which is Pocahontas who had been immortalized in history and literature. Her tribe welcomed the new arrivals, as exemplified by her father but this generosity ushered the decline of their tribe, eventually. It weakened the formerly strong and politically stable Indian settlements of the Powhatan tribes such that they were displaced and marginalized to the point of near extinction (Fausz 21). Some natives tried to resist the Europeans but were soon defeated by the superiority of the white settlers weaponry. The Algonquians were not unanimous in their acceptance into their midst the new settlers like what Opechancanough did.     

The New England Colonial Period

The New England Colonial Period Tony Calloway Discussion Question 1. According to the article, With All the Grace of the Sex, were women active participants in colonial trade? How and why? Women had to be active participants in a colonial trade. I mean most of these women, displayed a matter of filling empty holes in their lives. There were widowed spouses or empty professions within the community. The With All The Grace of Sex article addresses of all practice of manual trade being performed by women because not all wanted to sew or cook. Some had no choice but to do the labor of a profession those others saw as a mans job. Those are jobs typically family responsibilities with everyone playing some duty within the trade. Many of the women did not need men to run the businesses. A lot of the women grew to be champions of these professions out of necessity. The only way there was clear evidence that women did work in these occupations, were the occasional discovery of documentation that has been maintained showing these evidence. Furthermore, within this literature, we would notice how frequently women were becoming apprentices and masters of trades alongside their male counterparts. Granted; the manual labor associated with various occupations, it was a wonder the existence of women apprentice and masters that were in questioned. Men that use forges, hammers and leather working tools had put some the best men to the test. To have the stamina and physical courage these women needed to prove themselves was very impressive. Like my dad use to say do not put tomorrow what can be done today. After reading the article, it would seem that women had to do what they had to do. However, that is the binary of the way women have been for a since the beginning of time. Lesson 3 1. The article, Deaths Head, Cherub, Urn and Willow and the images of the early American grave art give us insight to life during the New England colonial period. How had the views of religion and death changed over the time period, 1720 to 1820? How were these changes reflected on the gravestones? What specifically can historians learn about the Puritan from these stones Jim Deetz Edwin Dethlefsen (1960s-70s) Are two archeologicalist that studied on New England gravestones Identification of 3 main motifs in period 1680-1820. These were the Winged Deaths Head 1680-1780, the Winged Cherub 1760-1800, and Urn Willow 1770-1820. In the 17th and 18th century gravestones in Massachusetts were decorated with a traditional set of designs that have distinctive spatial and temporal limits. The pioneering gravestones in Bostons burying grounds were simple, roughly cut greenstone markers. Individual headstones bared short or no beautifying carving and often had little inscriptions, which ordinarily had a person name, and theyre the date of death. The writings interruptive punctuation, were like a encrypted carving style with a characterized raised period separating the word. Treating them as if they were archaeological phenomena, one can demonstrate and test methods of inferring diffusion, dedication and the culture that carved it. The Early popularity of Death s head design displayed the Puritans attitudes, and Urn Motifs indicated the breakdown of these values. While cherubs appear most premature among an urban innovation society in Cambridge, They remain a nearly insignificant type in this central area but are rapidly being embraced in outer districts further removed from the center of influence. Imperfect reproduction of distinct design gives rise to distinctive local styles of other districts. The delivery of these local forms in time and space presents further insights regarding the religious difference in the Colonial period, including a clear indication of how this change progressed in different geographical areas at different times. The appearance that draws archeologists the most when it comes to Puritan headstones is the uniform appearance of the three types (Deaths Head, Cherub, Urn, and Willow). The Deaths Head representation was very common early on through the 17th century. It was a type that Puritans used to emphasize the mortality of man moreover. However, after the Great Awakening and the spread of the belief in an immortal soul, the Cherub became the more popular type. The Cherub image symbolized resurrection. During the 18th and 19th centuries, right after the revival of the Greek in America, the Urn and Willow grew to be a regularly used motif on tombstones. The quality of the monument was dependent upon two factors, the skill of the stonecutter and the budget of the family. In Boston, stonecutters were also masons, woodcarvers, bricklayers and even farmers carved gravestones as another way of sustaining their families. On numerous occasions, to save money and to deliver a high-quality headstone with fine art and speed, many of the Stonecutters made prefabricated headstones. This way all they would do was insert the name and date of the deceased upon placement of order. It wouldnt take much to seek out this fantastic artwork that can be found in many places in New England to include Copps Hill in Boston the old Freedom Trail, and another favorite spot to Bostonians the Old Burying Point in Salem Massachusetts. Grave markers and the burial grounds in which they are found have become identified as having historical importance, and they have familiarized their topics for research. The traditional cultures, a grave marker serves partly a function of commemoration as well as an indicator of status. To an archeologist, these markers serve as original recordings linking to the departed individuals living as well as, a more comprehensive sense, to the society in which the individual lived and ultimately died. New Jersey can also provide some eighteenth-century grave markers like the ones in Monmouth County. These stones can give some insights into the developmental years of the colony. Although Monmouth County does share the timeline within many similarities of the colonial New England gravestone carving tradition, it also displays significant differences. Hereabouts, the choice of the gravestone in Monmouth County held related to personal inclinations within the broader trends before classified i n New England. However, with the more inquisitive minds; studying gravestones can easily part into disciplines like a historical archaeology, or even like this class art history, even a genealogist when the training is more focused on the individual family. Particular scientific archaeological studies of colonial gravestones were sparked into motion by the outstanding research by James Deetz and Edwin Dethlefsen as before mentioned, who studied within the Boston Massachusetts area. Their conclusions presented a temporally linear course of iconographic designs used in the local carving tradition; starting with stark mortality symbols such as deaths heads, with more hopeful cherubs in the early eighteenth century, and then forming the more profane, neoclassical urn and willow tree designs. Another type of style was the motif, which was used on Bostons seventeenth-century grave markers dubbed the deaths head. Deaths head, often including wings and crossed bones, is a stylized skull that is used by todays motorcycle gangs and gothic. Although folks were thinking that winged skulls been designed to symbolize physical death and spiritual regeneration this was not the case. It is essential to note that Boston-based Puritans were not advocates of using holy symbols, like cherubs, crosses in the place of meeting, of silver, or on their headstones. Puritans were adamantly opposed to connecting the human form to spiritual beings such as God, angels, or spirits. The deaths head, which in its right, is a non-religious symbol and was the first description applied to gravestone carving. Additional decorative motifs following the deaths head were the hourglass with wings symbolizing the concept time flies, elaborately carved on the side panels along with florets, finials, foliage, fruit, and imp-and-dragon figures. The seventeenth and eighteenth-century headstones had solemn inscriptions that inspired passers-by to contemplate mortality and the temporary nature of life on earth. There must have a broad range of the deaths head motif. The features and arrangement of the image depended uniquely on the preferred style of the carver. Those creating their style of carving like silversmiths, tanners, carpenters, and other artisans, gravestone carvers had specific techniques and skills. The style was almost like a calling card for some. Through inquiry research, newspaper and ads, announcements, signed or initialed stones, ledger books, and other original reference materials, twentieth-century historians were able to recognize many of these makers. As the immigrants began to reach a more stable lifestyle and acquire wealth, they were better able to afford more extravagant personal items whichever could serve as representations of their socioeconomic status. Individual belongings could have extended from a broader, more pretentious house; a cabinet full of silver plates imported from China to large lavishly engraved gravestones. Lesson 3 Discussion Question 1. How did the Northern demography differ from that of the Southern colonies? Compare and contrast the social, economic, gender, and racial hierarchy of the New England and Southern Colonies. During the mid-1700s, there was an influx of immigrants migrating to America. During this time there was an abundance of food to go around, and that allowed for a generally good health of the majority of the colonist. By which it would allow more women to reproduce and share a low mortality rate, with the help ladies having several or more children during their life. With this expansion became the love of social class and hierarchy. The North school system celebrated and embraced social mobility, and the entrance of newly prosperous planters, commercial farmers, and retailers into the upper ranks was not only likely but also common. (Faragher 2012) While there was a well-established upper class in the Northern Colonies, there was also the scant and poverty-stricken lower class as well. It was composed of slaves, bound servants, and the poor laborers. This group made little less than half of the Northern colonies population, and their standard of living was just above minimum subsiste nce. While both the Northern and the Southern colonies each had their hierarchy system, and they were similar in ways yet different in others. In Southern colonies, the standards needed for social status was racial purity. These ethnic pure Spanish colonists held the top of the social ladder. Spanish of mixed ancestry were in the middle and Indians, and African slaves were placed at the bottom. Though there was strife for nonwhites in the north, the separation of lines was obscured. The colonist had possibilities to move up or down the ladder at their will. Biracial Northern colonist experienced much more opportunity compared to their Southern counterparts. The Northern upper class was typically made up of landowners, merchants, and prosperous professionals. These upper class Northerners were living a much more lavish and extravagant life than the upper class Southern colonist. References Deetz, J., Dethlefsen, E. S. (2007). Deaths Head, Cherub, Urn and Willow. Retrieved from http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/deathshead.html Faragher, J. M., Buhle, M. J., Czitrom, D., Armitage, S. H. (2012). Out Of Many A History of the American People (6th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson. Howe, J. (1998). Greek Revival. Retrieved from http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/greekrev.html Revolutionary Windsor. (n.d.). https://sites.google.com/a/windsorct.org/revolutionary_windsor/home/gravestones-puritanism Wooodard, D. D., Doody, D. (). With All the Grace of the Sex. Retrieved from http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Spring04/women.cfm

Bullying and Violence in Public Schools Essay -- Religion in Public Sc

Bullying and Violence in Public Schools Although bullying has always been a problem in schools, it has more recently become a bigger crisis with vicious consequences. â€Å"However it is defined, bullying is not just child’s play, but a terrifying experience many schoolchildren face everyday. It can be as direct as teasing, hitting or threatening, or as indirect as exclusions, rumors or manipulation† (Garrett 2). Most kids do not think certain actions are classified as bullying, yet they do not realize the severity of the way they treat their peers. What they may see as â€Å"joking around† can be viewed as them being a bully, and they may even be hurting someone’s feelings without realizing the effect that they have. This can then lead to school violence, which is a prevalent issue in today’s society. There are many causes to bullying and school violence and many effects as well. However, if dealt with properly, there are ways to solve these prevailing problems. â€Å"One in seven children is a bully or the target of a bully, according to the National Association of School Psychologists† (Garrett 34). Therefore, it is important that everyone understands what causes this much bullying to occur. One of the first things influencing kids is violence in the media. â€Å"Countless studies have determined that there is an irrefutable link between violence in the media and violent behavior in children, argues former secretary of education William J. Bennett† (Grapes 57). Popular culture seems to have an enormous effect on the young, and a lot of times it is not in a positive manner. For example, many television shows and movies show violence in school. The movie Scream is about two high school students who are trying... ...or problems, especially in today’s society. There are many reasons why these issues arise, and many negative effects that stem from them. It is pertinent that solutions are brought about so that children can stop being hurt. â€Å"In our quest to provide the quality education that our children deserve, this problem can no longer be treated lightly† (Garrett 2). If this problem of the present can be turned around to make a brighter future, school will be a safer place where all students can be comfortable and able to succeed. Bibliography Garrett, Anne G. Bullying in American Schools: Causes, Preventions, Interventions. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2003. Grapes, Bryan J. School Violence: Contemporary Issues Companion. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Hurst, Marianne D. â€Å"When It Comes to Bullying, There Are No Boundaries.† Education Week. 24 (2005): 8.

Buyers Behaviour Virgin Atlantic Essay

Originally it was called British Atlantic Airways, later changed to Virgin Atlantic Airways. The first flight was from Gatwick to Netwark on the 22nd of June 1984 (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The company launched a ? 6 m advertising campaign in 2010, which was James Bond themed (Guardian, 2010). The new advertisement helped the company recover from the recession. Now I will examine how exactly it was achieved and what methods were used to obtain the best performance of the advertisement. 2) Target Market. Market segmentation is a way of separating the consumers into different sections by their shared needs and personalities (Leon. G, 2010, p. 28). The needs and values depend from person to person according to his culture (Leon. G, 2010, p. 366). The VALS (values and lifestyles) segmentation system clearly shows the type of audience this commercial is aiming at (Leon. G, pp. 84). This system divides consumers into eight distinctive subcategories, which consist of: thinkers, achievers, experiencers, believers, strivers and makers. The subcategories this advertisement will appeal to are: innovators because they are receptive to new technologies and who can experience the innovated technologies at a Virgin Atlantic flight; achievers because they are goal oriented consumers who like to display success to their piers, which they can display by flying Virgin Atlantic as it is high class airlines; experiencers because they like to spend their income on fashion, socializing and entertainment which Virgin Atlantic offers through great service, food, entertainment and their flights are considered as ‘trendy’. The social comparison theory states that the consumer with higher purchase ability tends to have a higher status; this is a proof why achievers like to spend on luxurious products and services (Leon. G, 2010, p. 338). This commercial appeals to all the five effective target-marketing segments (Leon. G, 2010, p. 73). It is identifiable as it clearly distinguishes the shared needs, age and gender of the consumer. The consumer is a businessman or career orientated workingwoman who prefers high-class service. The age would appeal to Generation Y that is born from 1980 and on wards (Leon. G, 2010, p. 410). The Generation Y spends 150 billion annually and is into innovation and luxury while Generation X is considered as ‘sophisticated’ group. Virgin Atlantic Airways allows children ages 5 and above to travel or should be accompanied by an adult (16+). Pets are accepted if they accompany a disabled person (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). 3) Service offered. The marketing mix shows what kind of service/product is offered by dividing the elements to: product, price, place and promotion (Leon. G, 2010, p. 58). The service being offered is not just a flight from one destination to another; it is an experience at a high-class level of the Virgin Atlantic flight where the costumer will be served at a high class, with security, entertainment and with maximum comfort. It is a high-involvement purchase, which requires considerate thought and cognitive process, as the price is high (Leon. G, 2010, p. 231). The flight can be purchased online or at a flight ticket office. The company offers promotion such as: flying club card, ticket sales and discount codes/vouchers (Virgin Atlantic, 2012). The price and quality relationship the company has is low- price tickets in comparison with their competitors and with a high-class service. 4) Seasonality. The time of placing the advertisement is very important, as there are competing companies to take into consideration. The order effect research has shown that the advertisements presented first (primacy effect) and last (regency effect) has a greater effect on the consumer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 302). The release date was 26 October 2010, which was a great push to recovery from recession. British Airways and American Airlines are the biggest competitors. American Airlines released their commercial in May 2010, which had a primacy effect where as Virgin Atlantic Airlines gained a regency effect. The James Bond 007 Blood Stone video game was released on 5th of November 2010(IMDB, 2010). This shows that the commercial was released 10 days before the release date of the game. This strategy used by Virgin Atlantic is a very clever marketing move, as their advertisement is James Bond themed and during that period of time all sorts of media (TV, newspapers, online, word of mouth and billboards) had James Bond game advertisements. Virgin Airlines got increased attention to their advertisement by publishing their advertisement at time coinciding with Blood Stone’s release. 5) Positioning the commercial. The advertisement is transmitting through mass media as well as through new (non traditional) media (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 294-296). The commercial is played on TV where it addresses wide range of consumers (i. e. via mass media) and through YouTube where it is addressable and interactive, while response – measurable. It was also played during the flights on the Virgin Atlantic TV channel where it exclusively targets its audience (i. e. via target media). 6) Reason for the commercial. The consumer behavior consists of searching for, purchasing, using, evaluating, disposing of products and services that in their belief will fulfill their wants (Leon. G, 2010, p. 23). The commercial was created in order to persuade and make aware the audience of the fact that the service being offered by the airlines is luxurious, entertaining and high-class, to convince that this kind of service will satisfy there needs. ) Perception. â€Å"Perception is defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the world. †(Leon. G, 2010, p. 175) This advertisement appeals to emotional motives, which are affection, status and pride in this case (Leon. G, 2010, p. 110). The advertisements mood is sexually charged and is putting the buyer into a state of excitement by: James Bond themed music and graphics, illustrations of high-class adventure and good-looking actors in the commercial. Abraham Maslow created the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which identifies the five basic levels of human needs (Maslow, 1987). The advert is aiming to satisfy all the five needs of the potential consumer. Egoistic needs will be satisfied during the flight on these airlines, as it is illustrated as a prestigious flight. Egoistic needs include the need of good reputation, status and recognition from others, which advert convinces that the consumer will have, if he/she chooses Virgin Atlantic Airways. Need of Self-Actualization will be satisfies as shown in the advert, by flying on this flight the customer will feel self-actualized by getting high-class service which he/she deserved or earned themselves. Social Needs are to be satisfied by communication with good-looking staff. The Virgin Atlantic cabin crew was voted as the most attractive staff in the whole world by the surveys of travelers (Daily mail, 2011). Richard Branson has always stated that the appearance of the flight crew must be important in order make the customers enjoy a memorable flight. Cabin staff of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are told that: ‘You’ll be the face of the airline. As such, your grooming should always be immaculate – even after a long, tiring flight’ (Daily mail, 2011). As flying on an airplane has a small risk of security, the advert is aiming to convince that their flight is safe and is a pleasant experience where there is nothing to worry about. Physiological needs will be satisfied by the high-class food and beverage service that would be offered during the flight by good-looking staff. Air and shelter will also be present, as the designed with up to date technology. This commercial is aimed at visual consumers that prefer and take information better through visual images or messages as sources of information (Leon. G, 2010, p. 147). While watching the Virgin Atlantic advertisement repetitively on TV or Online passive learning is occurring and it changes the consumer’s attitude regarding the product (Leon. G, 2010, p. 232). The theme message delivered through this advert is: ‘Your airline’s either got it or it hasn’t’. There is a message resonance in the wording, which adds a bit of humor to it and will make the viewer remember the commercial (Leon. G, 2010, p. 301). The theme message has comparative advertising technique to it where Virgin makes the viewer compare their airlines to Virgin Atlantic (Leon. G, 2010, p. 303). The sexiness in advertising is present in order to grab the attention of the viewer (Leon. G, 2010, p. 308). The hostesses are wearing short dresses in red color and the man who is passing the security check hasn’t got underwear on. Virgin is trying to show that their flights are ‘sexy’. This technique tries to show the security the airlines provide (angel like). The flight team is very good looking and is walking with self-assurance, which adds confidence to the image of the company. The runway lines and the red carpet represents the luxurious service. | | Transition from the safety demonstration to the airplane saloon is done without editing cuts, which is very eye-catching. | | The shot of people sitting around of a pool of martini and playing with the olive, which represents entertainment, beverage and luxury the airlines offer to their customers. 9) Buying process. â€Å"The consumer decision making can be viewed as three distinct but interlocking stages: the input stage, the process stage and the output stage†(Leon. G, 2010, p. 36). This advertisement is designed in order to influence the input and process stage in order to make the consumer come to the output stage. This advert influences and increases the consumer’s recognition of the service ne ed. The information is delivered to the consumers through the marketing efforts of the commercial, which will influence not only media but also word of mouth marketing. The Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality created by Sigmund Freud explains the drivers of the output stage (Leon. G, 2010, pp. 137-139). According to Freud’s theory this commercial will affect superego and id to make the purchase. The superego will be gratified when purchasing this service because he/she will become socially and fashionably acceptable, as Virgin Atlantic flight is ‘trendy’. Id will be gratified if the consumer will make the purchase because the airlines offer the basic requirements such as food, shelter and security. The consumer will make a trial or a repeat purchase when buying this service (Leon. G, 2010, p. 497). The consumer might be new to the company or be a frequent loyal customer. 10) Involvement levels and risk perception. Involvement is a very important factor in how much attention is paid to the message sent to the viewer and how it is understood. There are different ways to measure the involvement of the viewer. There are two ways of involvement, high-risk and low-risk purchases. The higher the risk, the higher the involvement and research will be. The flight purchase is a low-involvement product and consumers prefer congruent context of the message delivered (Leon. G, 2010, p. 293). The mood of the consumer is very important, if he/she is in a bad mood, the content of the commercial might cause a bad reaction of the viewer. Psychological noise may be distracting the viewer from the commercial and the advertisement has contrast in the imagery in order to keep the viewers attention. 11) Conclusion. The advertisement created by the Virgin Atlantic airlines in my opinion was successful . The James Bond theme imageries and soundtrack had a great impact on the effectiveness of the commercial. Every time the consumer will watch James Bond movie or play a James Bond game, the commercial will subconsciously come to their mind and the other way around. The time it was released was perfect, as they needed a push to get out from the recession. The commercial had a bit too much sex advertisement in it, which may led to worse effect tan could have achieved and made the competitors (American Airlines) stand out more, as they had a touching TV commercial that gave gratitude to the men in uniform, veterans and their families. Sexual advertising may distract the consumer’s attention from the message content being sent. This technique may have a little influence on the buyers purchasing intentions and a risk of spoiling the image of the company. This advert is targeting businessman, but there is the family audience with children and generation X, which they are risking of loosing. The commercial is based mostly on emotions and only in one short scene the viewer can see the seats with the monitors. The saloons, seats and the exact food of Virgin Atlantic Airlines are not shown, but they are very important to be shown, as the consumer wants to see the comfort he/she will have during the flight. The fact that the advertisement shows a man being tucked into a cloud and not airplane seat could make an impression that the airlines are hiding something and their seats are not good enough to be shown in the advertisement. This advertisement could have been improved by focusing the viewer’s attention much more on the design of the saloon, comfortable seats and delicious food. Nonetheless, overall this was a very well executed and effective advertisement with successfully reached hearts and minds of customer.

Religion and Myth

Consider what purpose the Myth of Esfandyar may have served within its culture. Evaluate carefully the characters, story lines, and try to determine what message, moral, or behavioral conventions you can associate with the respective myths. Make sure to cite specific parts of the story in your discussions. It is always OK to compare a myth to another or note a theme that may seem universal or conventional in mythology, (e. g. the god who dies and is resurrected motif from our last discussion). Just be specific in referencing other stories.Some possible angles to consider in composing your post: This myth ends with the following lines: Who among us can escape our fate? Who among us can use our wisdom, or our courage, or our strength, or our skill to this end? No one. How do Goshtasp and Esfandyar remain true to their principles? What effect does predestination have on the characters in this myth? How would predestination affect the way an individual lives? Esfandyar was a great warrio r who set in his heart to become the great ruler and King of Persia.His father knew that he was a great warrior and set him in his first task to defeat King Arjasp of Turan. Esfandyar then defeated Arjasp and his Demon warriors and caused them to flee from Persia. When Esfandyar returned to his father victorious and demanded that he be the King of Persia his father responded by sending him on another quest and to spread the word of Urmazd. When his father heard from a jealous nobleman that his son was going to over throw him from the thrown, he became so furious that he wanted to get rid of him at all cost.Because King Goshtasp knew he would not be able to defeat Arjasp and his army, safe his children or defend Persia all on his own he needed his son Esfandyar to help him succeed, so he let him go after imprisoning him. King Goshtasp also knew that his son would not fight for him unless he gave him the false believe of giving him the crown and becoming King. With this hope Esfandyar once again battled and defeated Arjasp, saved his brother and sisters after going through the seven stages of hardship.After all this his father still sent him on another journey to distract him from wanting the thrown after he knew that his son’s death was going to be on the hands of Rostam the great warrior. Even though Esfandyar knew his father was out to get him killed so that he would not precede him for the thrown he still went through with it because he has said â€Å"The brave warriors take the shortest route! A man has only one life to live and one death to face! And what will come is written in the stars! So it is best to be virtuous and valiant! After battling Rostam, Esfandyar was killed, and even though he knew that his father sent him there to be killed he knew â€Å"Urmazd will curse him for it! But, surely this was written in the stars in the heavens, and what is written there is sure to come! You are only the arm of fate. † This myth tells a lot abou t the Persian culture and the way they viewed the world. They had great faith and they knew with that faith came great power and privilege. Also they valued strength and had respect for it. They viewed strong men as heroes and worriers that had the ability to get what they want.This story is a myth because it has the belief of immortality and they used magic and power as a way to get what you want. By his great strength Esfandyar was able to win the seven stages and kill all that were in his way. This is similar to other myth in a way that myth always try to portray their heroes with God like strength, also the wisdom that these kings have in seeing the future and what is to come outlines their fate and their destiny. King Goshtasp has wisdom when he told his son â€Å"†¦one great victory does not entitle a prince to rule a Kingdom!And your hunger for power does not become you! † He knew that if a person becomes blinded by his ambition then it will get the best of him. K ing Goshtasp knew his son Esfandyar really wanted the thrown and will do anything to get it, and he remembered when he did the same thing with his father. That is why he plotted for his son’s death, because they believed in fate and that only what was written would come true. Esfandyar did not care that his fate was near. This myth teaches us many values that we need faith to live for and live by and that only what is destined for us will be.

D&M Pyramid on Mars essays

D&M Pyramid on Mars essays D In 1976, the Viking mission to Mars obtained images of the Martian surface of an area known as the Cydonia. In analyzing these images, Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar, image interpreters from NASA, discovered an unusual formation in the form of a human face, dubbed The Face. While some believed that this was an ancient, artificially created structure, many dismissed it as a natural formation. Inspired by these findings, astronomer and former NASA consultant Richard C. Hoagland organized theIndependent Mars Investigation? in 1983 to further study and analyze the images obtained from the Viking mission. In the investigation, Hoagland discovered and studied other formations inconsistent with Martian geology including theCity?, a cluster polyhedral objects with a rectangular arrangement and a center of axis pointing at the face, and the D The D&M pyramid has been studied by a number of scientists who have considered the different natural processes that could have caused the formation. These processes are fluvial de...

Profile of Students With Existential Intelligence

Profile of Students With Existential Intelligence Existential intelligence is the label  education researcher  Howard Gardner gave to students who think philosophically. This existential intelligence  is one of many  multiple intelligences  that Garner identified. Each of these labels for multiple intelligences... ...documents the extent to which students possess different kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different ways,  (1991). Existential intelligence involves an individuals ability to use collective values and intuition to understand others and the world around them. People who excel in this intelligence typically are able to see the big picture. Philosophers, theologians and life coaches are among those that Gardner sees as having high existential intelligence. The Big Picture in his 2006 book, Multiple  Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice, Gardner gives the hypothetical example of Jane, who runs a company called Hardwick/Davis. Whereas her managers deal more with the day-to-day operational problems, Janes job is to steer the whole ship, says Gardner. She must maintain a longer-term outlook, take into account the conductions of the  marketplace, set a general direction, align her resources and inspire her employees and customers to stay on board. In other words, Jane needs to see the big picture; she needs to envision the future the future needs of the company,  customers, and marketplace and guide the organization in  that direction. That ability to see the big picture may be a distinct intelligence the existential intelligence says Gardner. Pondering the Most Fundamental Questions of Existence Gardner, a  developmental psychologist and a professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Education,  is actually a bit unsure about including the existential realm in his nine intelligences. It was not one of the original seven intelligences that Gardner listed in his seminal 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. But, after an additional two decades of research, Gardner decided to include existential intelligence. This candidate for intelligence is based on the human proclivity to ponder the most fundamental questions of existence. Why do we live? Why do we die? Where do we come from? What is going to happen to us? Gardner asked in his later book. I sometimes say that these are questions that transcend perception; they concern issues that are too big or small to be perceived by our five sensory systems. Famous People With High Existential Intelligence Not surprisingly, major figures in history are among those who may be said to have high existential intelligence, including: Socrates: This famous Greek philosopher invented the Socratic method, which involves asking ever-deeper questions in an attempt to come to an understanding of the truth or at least to disprove untruths.Buddha: His name literally means one who is awake, according to the Buddhist Centre. Born in Nepal, Buddha taught in India probably between the sixth and fourth centuries B.C. He founded Buddhism, a religion that is based on seeking higher truths.Jesus Christ. The founder of one of the worlds major religions, Christ, pushed back against the status quo in first-century Jerusalem  and put forward the belief in a higher being, God, who possesses the eternal truth.St. Augustine: An early Christian theologian, St. Augustine based much of his philosophy on the teachings of Plato, a Greek philosopher who proposed the idea that there is an abstract truth that his higher and more complete than what we witness in the real, imperfect world. Life should be spent pursuing this abstract truth, bo th Plato and St. Augustine believed. In addition to examining the big picture, common traits in those with existential intelligence include: an interest in questions about life, death and beyond; an ability to look beyond the senses to explain phenomena; and a desire to be an outsider while at the same time showing a strong interest in society and those around them. Enhancing This Intelligence in the Classroom Through this intelligence, in particular, may seem esoteric, there are ways that teachers and students can enhance and strengthen existential intelligence in the classroom, including: Make connections between what is being learned and the world outside the classroom.Provide students with overviews to support their desire to see the big picture.Have students look at a topic from different points of view.Have students summarize the information learned in a lesson.Have students create lessons to teach their classmates information. Gardner, himself, gives some direction as to how to harness existential intelligence, which he sees as a natural trait in most children.  In any society where questioning is tolerated, children raise these existential questions from an early age though they do not always listen closely to the answers. As a teacher, encourage students to continue asking those big questions and then help them to find the answers.

The Sherpa People of the Himalayas

The Sherpa People of the Himalayas The Sherpa are an ethnic group who live in the high mountains of the Himalayas in Nepal. Well-known for being guides to Westerners who want to climb Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world, the Sherpa have an image of being hard-working, peaceful, and brave. Increasing contact with Westerners, however, is drastically changing Sherpa culture. Who Are the Sherpa? The Sherpa migrated from eastern Tibet to Nepal around 500 years ago. Prior to Western intrusion in the twentieth century, the Sherpa didnt climb mountains. As Nyingma Buddhists, they reverently passed by the high peaks of the Himalaya, believing them to be the homes of the gods. The Sherpa eked their livelihood from high-altitude farming, cattle raising, and wool spinning and weaving. It wasnt until the 1920s that Sherpa became involved in climbing. The British, who controlled the Indian subcontinent at the time, planned mountain climbing expeditions and hired Sherpa as porters. From that point on, due to their willingness to work and ability to climb the worlds tallest peaks, mountaineering became part of the Sherpa culture. Reaching the Top of Mt. Everest Although numerous expeditions had made the attempt, it wasnt until 1953 that Edmund Hillary and a Sherpa named Tenzing Norgay managed to reach the 29,028 foot (8,848 meter) peak of Mount Everest. After 1953, countless teams of climbers have wanted the same achievement and have thus invaded the Sherpa homeland, hiring an ever-increasing number of Sherpa as guides and porters.   In 1976, the Sherpa homeland and Mount Everest became protected as part of Sagarmatha National Park. The park was created through the efforts not only of the government of Nepal but also through the work of the Himalayan Trust, a foundation established by Hillary. Changes in Sherpa Culture The influx of mountaineers into the Sherpa homeland has dramatically transformed Sherpa culture and way of life. Once an isolated community, Sherpa life now greatly revolves around foreign climbers. The first successful climb to the summit in 1953 popularized Mt. Everest and brought more climbers to the Sherpa homeland. While once only the most experienced climbers attempted Everest, now even inexperienced climbers expect to reach the top. Each year, hundreds of tourists flock to the Sherpa homeland, are given a few lessons in mountaineering, and then head up the mountain with Sherpa guides. The Sherpa cater to these tourists by providing gear, guiding, lodges, coffee shops, and Wifi. The income provided by this Everest industry has made the Sherpa one of the richest ethnicities in Nepal,  making about seven times the per capita income of all Nepalese. For the most part, Sherpa no longer serve as porters for these expeditions - they contract that job out to other ethnicities but retain positions such as head porter or lead guide. Despite the increased income, traveling on Mt. Everest is a dangerous job - very dangerous. Of the numerous deaths on Mt. Everest, 40% are Sherpas.  Without life insurance, these deaths are leaving in their wake a large number of widows and fatherless children. On April 18, 2014, an avalanche fell and killed 16 Nepalese climbers, 13 of whom were Sherpas. This was a devastating loss to the Sherpa community, which consists of only about 150,000 individuals. While most Westerners expect the Sherpa to take this risk, the Sherpa themselves are becoming increasingly concerned about the future of their society.

Critical Teaching and the tutorial for final year dental students in Dissertation

Critical Teaching and the tutorial for final year dental students in the Acute Dental Care Department at Guy's Hospital - Dissertation Example This teaching experience was however only a part-time position. Nevertheless, I have carried out small-group sessions with students. I have worked my way up to senior clinical teacher and have also given lectures and seminars, some in specialised areas of dentistry. My experience as a clinical teacher has helped me gain experience in making PowerPoint presentations, making lesson plans, and making tests; more importantly, I also found out how different personalities learn and teach differently. Current responsibilities As a clinical teacher, my duties mostly relate to watching, monitoring and aiding the student/patient relationship. In other words, my responsibilities have mostly revolved around teaching and researching. I have been involved in the establishment and development of information for the lessons and lectures, and for the development of courses. During my first few years in teaching, I mostly handled small groups of students, no more than 12 taking part in sharing data ab out emergency dentistry. In the years that followed, I was assigned to assist in giving lectures and tutorials. I have also been involved in evaluating students for their examinations and projects, mostly those in the undergraduate program. In general, my current tasks relate to looking after the student/ patient relationship by ensuring students carry out the correct clinical treatment in the correct order. I am in charge of the students learning and the patient’s safety. An hour tutorial is held at the end of each session on clinic to consolidate the days teaching into formal teaching. Personal values and hopes My desire to consider and engage in the teaching and academic profession has been based on my personal experiences with teachers and academics. These teachers and professionals have exemplified superlative knowledge and skills in the transmission and the gathering of information, sharing such data for the next generation of eager learners. I value my role as a clinic al teacher and believe that this can influence how a student works and feels about the profession. I have a desire to impart knowledge that was passed onto me as a way of thanking the excellent teachers I had. I also seek to assist the students in the establishment of their careers as well as their personal development. I hope to support and guarantee the protection of crucial and significant values, especially those which relate to my responsibilities as a clinical teacher. This also relates to a strong need to secure a sense of respect and responsibility for students, patients, fellow teachers, as well as for the teaching profession. An awareness of the diversity of the academic field is also an important element which I have recognized in the teaching profession. Moreover, I have realised the importance of establishing learning communities and groups where the teaching goals and practices can be adequately implemented and incorporated. Aspects relating to personal development: I have already established that the clinical teaching can help in the improvement of my knowledge and the refining of my academic learning. I also believe that guiding students in their learning is one of the most efficient ways to improve research and to impart knowledg

Internet Technology and Social Media Solutions for Business Essay

Internet Technology and Social Media Solutions for Business - Essay Example Internet and Social Media have brought a revolution to the business world in the ‎recent past and proved to be an efficient online mode to imply various marketing strategies for ‎enhancing new business developments. Nearly all forms of businesses attained sustainability, ‎visibility and brand attention to nominal face with such online marketing tool over the years. This ‎platform gives up-to-date knowledge of any services or products, enhances online traffic and ‎create sound awareness (Norman 25).‎ There is a number of effective social media networks like YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, ‎various blogs and Twitter available to facilitate the online business activities for building state of the art ‎solid customer base. This could be carried out by effectively marketing and advertising the ‎products through the adoption of interactive plans and strategies, for instance conducting online ‎polls, webinars, contests and e-books etc. The most important factor for online business through ‎social media is the engagement of accurate target audience so that the customers remain loyal to ‎respective brands or services for longer period of time.‎ Social Media’s Benefits to Business There are countless benefits of conducting business through an effective use of ‎technological internet tools. ... It also brings ?new job openings worldwide which tends to decrease the unemployment rate. The marketing ?tool also brings new investment to the business which is the best way to grow. It totally depends upon the way social media is used for business. It can be used for obtaining several objectives. Most ?common foreseeable objectives include fresh business contact, search new potential clients, ?obtaining prompt feedback, suggestion and positive criticism from the customers, conduct online ?marketing research and so on and so forth (Norman 54).? Internet and Social Media’s Applications in Business: ? †¢ It could be essentially import for gaining sizable profits in business through effective online ?marketing and publicity.? †¢ The medium of marketing could marginalize all hurdles in the business and put on the path of ?success.? †¢ It could identify target respondents of the products and services to build loyal and long term ?relationship with the clients.? â₠¬ ¢ A type of bonding is formed between buyers and sellers through social media.? †¢ It also tends to make new contact with different communities around the world of identical ?interests.? †¢ Experiences are shared with eventually lead towards building high credibility.? †¢ Through all time interaction, a consultation and advice can be given without any hidden cost.? †¢ Social Media creates a pool of like-minded people and builds strong ties for business prospective. ? †¢ It also helps to evaluate the weaknesses along with the competitor’s strategies (Stephen, 2011).? Evaluation of Business through Different Social Media and Internet Tools This paragraph clearly indicates the results which recently obtained by the companies using

Thearatical model of integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Thearatical model of integration - Essay Example Early behavioral approaches did not directly investigate the role of cognition and person centered processes in the development or maintenance of emotional disorders. Person centered therapy is based on the clinical application of the more recent, but now also extensive research into the prominent role of cognitions in the development of emotional disorders. The term ‘Person Centered Therapy’ (PCT) is variously used to refer to therapy based on the pragmatic combination of principles of person centered theories. New PCT interventions are keeping pace with developments in the academic discipline of psychology in areas such as attention, perception, reasoning, decision making etc. Person centered and/or client centered psychotherapists work with individuals, families and groups. The approaches can be used to help anyone irrespective of ability, culture, race, gender or sexual preference. Person centered and/or behavioral psychotherapies can be used on their own or in conjunction with medication, depending on the severity or nature of each client’s problem. The father of this school of thought was the infamous Sigmund Freud, who about a century ago changed the entire perspective on how humanity used to view the structure of personality. Though largely controversial, yet ironically the words his critics use to highlights defects in him, are also given to the scientific world by Freud himself. By far, his greatest of contributions to the science of psychology is the concept of ‘unconscious’, and his attempt to interpret dreams. Before him, for centuries, understanding behavior was considered to be the job of physiologists and philosophers. It was after him, that truly the birth of an individual science of psychology came into existent, which had concepts, theories and hypotheses, which were specific to the specialization of this science alone. â€Å"Traditional psychoanalysis is quite complex and time consuming,† (Brown, 2000, p. 121). The

Research proposal dealing with architectural design Essay

Research proposal dealing with architectural design - Essay Example The construction of a roller coaster would serve to attract additional business to this area of the city, further enhancing our ability for economic improvement and revitalization of other structures in the general downtown area. This paper will outline the background of this project, illustrate examples of other cities that have capitalized on small-scale entertainment parks, detail the specifics of the roller coaster itself and enumerate the requirements we would need to invest to make this proposal a reality. When determining the best use for this land, it is appropriate to take a look into the existing facilities in the immediate vicinity. This property lies approximately one half mile from the very large Veteran’s Park along Lake Michigan and less than a quarter of a mile from the River Walk along the Milwaukee River (Mapquest, 2006). This area is described as already thriving with traditional park-like activities. Veteran’s Park itself is bordered by McKinley Marina, the Milwaukee Art Museum complex, a large veteran’s memorial, the 76 Bike Trail, Lake Michigan access, large duck and geese ponds, paddleboats for rent, rollerblading and large fields for kite flying (AOL Cityguide, 2005). Betsa Marsh (2005) describes the River Walk as having â€Å"steps leading down to the river and circular overlooks just above the waves. The route is festooned with flower-draped lampposts, public art and benches just made for cracking open a book. Tiny bump-outs seem like perfect spots for moonlit kisses. Dozens of stores, cafes and bars with river frontage invite pedestrians to linger, browse and buy.† With these kinds of large scale park activities covering outdoor sports and leisure, boating, art, theater and providing room for large gatherings and activities, there is little need in the vicinity for another completely green park area. Businesses that would normally choose to locate close to such settings already have ample space in either of these two

Discussion board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion board - Essay Example Apart from the Smallpox, there were other items involved in the Columbian exchange. The items included livestock and crops. The natives provided potatoes, sweet potatoes and maize. The Europeans brought to America crops such as Oranges, tomatoes and bananas. Horses, donkeys, sheep, goats, mules, dogs, cats, and pigs were brought from Europe to the New World. Other diseases included in the exchange were: measles, yellow fever and Syphilis. The natives gave the settlers syphilis in return. The Columbian Exchange was not a Pandora’s Box. The diseases and other items exchanged were just brought in or taken out by the settlers. The problems were caused by settlers. Even if the settlers had left, the continent was permanently changed by the settlers due to the introduction of the diseases and other exchange materials. In Bacon’s rebellion, Bacon led fight against Native Americans in order to defend the rights of the Englishmen. Bekerly, who was a governor, defended the Indians instead of colonists because the Indians were friendly to them, so they would act as buffers against hostile tribes. Edmund Morgan links the rebellion to American Freedom by using the role of slavery in American history. He argued that growing masses of alien slaves and freedom acted together as a way of bringing white settlers together and reducing racial differences. Indentured servants fitted into this picture by collaborating with freemen and small farmers in the Bacon rebellion to fight for freedom from the settlers. These immigrants served the settlers (planters) but they became freer each year. African Slave Trade became popular in the 17th century in United States. The slaves were taken to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil. African slaves were taken to the colonies between 1519 and 1867. The middle passage was a stage in the triangular trade.

UNIT 2 DISCUSSION BOARD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNIT 2 DISCUSSION BOARD - Essay Example er, as developed economies started to move towards perfect markets with stricter regulations like corporate governance and SOX, Investors started to pull out their capital towards countries which provide highest returns. The capital flight towards emerging markets and less developed countries is the part of the same phenomenon as capital is flowing towards those countries because with the passage of time, they not only have been able to develop their physical infrastructure and put in favorable environment in order to attract the foreign capital in the country. Less developed and emerging markets provide tax incentives, favorable terms to the foreign investors, and higher returns in terms of capital and money market instruments especially higher stock market returns. Probably the most important reason why capital is flowing from developed countries to less developed and emerging markets is the ease with which the investors can pull back their investments. Strict anti-money laundering laws have made it more inflexible for the genuine investors to move their capital at will within developed world therefore investors are now shifting their investments to less develop and emerging markets. Finally, the capital flight towards the less developed and emerging markets is taking place because governments of those countries are executing liberal monetary as well as fiscal policies raising the prospects of their country to be more lucrative and attractive to the foreign investors to bring in their capital and in due course improve upon their economies on more solid footings. â€Å"Emerging markets are countries that are restructuring their economies along market-oriented lines and offer a wealth of opportunities in trade, technology transfers, and foreign direct investment.† (Li, 2008) Whereas less developed economies are those economies which show lowest indictors on the various scales developed by many international bodies specially United Nations. Though they may be

Discussion board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion board - Essay Example Apart from the Smallpox, there were other items involved in the Columbian exchange. The items included livestock and crops. The natives provided potatoes, sweet potatoes and maize. The Europeans brought to America crops such as Oranges, tomatoes and bananas. Horses, donkeys, sheep, goats, mules, dogs, cats, and pigs were brought from Europe to the New World. Other diseases included in the exchange were: measles, yellow fever and Syphilis. The natives gave the settlers syphilis in return. The Columbian Exchange was not a Pandora’s Box. The diseases and other items exchanged were just brought in or taken out by the settlers. The problems were caused by settlers. Even if the settlers had left, the continent was permanently changed by the settlers due to the introduction of the diseases and other exchange materials. In Bacon’s rebellion, Bacon led fight against Native Americans in order to defend the rights of the Englishmen. Bekerly, who was a governor, defended the Indians instead of colonists because the Indians were friendly to them, so they would act as buffers against hostile tribes. Edmund Morgan links the rebellion to American Freedom by using the role of slavery in American history. He argued that growing masses of alien slaves and freedom acted together as a way of bringing white settlers together and reducing racial differences. Indentured servants fitted into this picture by collaborating with freemen and small farmers in the Bacon rebellion to fight for freedom from the settlers. These immigrants served the settlers (planters) but they became freer each year. African Slave Trade became popular in the 17th century in United States. The slaves were taken to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil. African slaves were taken to the colonies between 1519 and 1867. The middle passage was a stage in the triangular trade.

Art History Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art History Final Paper - Essay Example There are motif of sculptures designed on the railings and the gates of the Stupa. There are representations of the lord Buddha through footprints, thrones and wheels. There is a command in the grand view of the Buddhist monument. There is a depiction of the beginning, development and decay of Buddhist architecture in the third century1. The Buddhist monarchy event was signified by the stupid in sachem. The emperor of Osaka had a religious establishment in Sanchi during his marriage as he built the monolithic pillar. This depicted the zeal of Buddhism in the emperor. The quietude provided a conducive atmosphere for meditation marking the prosperity of the establishment of Buddhism. Sanchi ensured a fulfillment of the conditions fit for the establishment of the Buddhist life. The Stupa was regarded as a symbol of the characteristics of Buddhism and fostered the prevalence of Buddhism in the region of Sanchi. The Stupas was associated with Buddhist in the region as it marked representations of the key factors the religion. A Stupa refers to a physical monument for memory of enlightment in the present space and champions for the enlightment in ten directions. The process includes skillful procedures there is a complete transformation of the environment through the compassionate energy through the interaction with different elements on the earth surface. The Stupas recognizes the enlightened nature in the present life. Stupas represent the Buddha in three forms including the speech, body and mind. The path of enlightment is represented by every part of the Stupa. Enlightment is the ultimate goal of life as represented by Stupas. A Stupa in the context of Buddhist is a physical representation of high regards by the Buddhists during the seventh century. What and where is the silk road? There are three main periods when the Silk Road was most active. What were these? Go the Met and see the Global

The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay

The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay The North/ South divide and gender inequality are intertwined and influence the lives of women in the northern hemisphere significantly different than that from women who are inhabitants of the southern hemisphere. This paper will discuss the role of globalization as a multidimensional process and how it affects the life of women in terms of economic, social, and cultural development. Globalization has led to violations of womens civil rights because of the decline of the welfare state, the increased poverty among women, the role religion plays in fundamentalist societies and in armed conflict. However, it has also caused tremendous opportunities for women to better their lives and hereby setting standards to demand equal women rights. Considering the percentage of women in the world population it is important to study the role of gender equality. Women as laborers and their contribution to their communities and national economies have a significant impact on globalization. In additi on, the emphasis on social justice and democracy as a preferred political ideology to stimulate globalization makes gender issues an important factor. Gender inequality is caused by our social institutions and organizations who suppress womens social and economic rights, often unknowingly, by placing insufficient importance on gender as a factor in decision making. Some say that inequality and economic growth are coexisting phenomena but it is no argument to allow exploitation and marginalization of selected groups. Neo-liberalist thinking promotes globalization but it also creates opportunity for avoidance of social responsibility by governments and multinational corporations. Gender inequality can most effectively be influenced by changing the political agenda. A countrys national governance on legislative, judicial and executive policies will stimulate a dialogue that leads to change. Globalization: North vs. South The term globalization has no accepted definition and therefore the interpretation depending on who uses the term, can vary from a pure economic perspective to a more liberal definition in terms of civil development. Adam Smith described in his book the Wealth of Nations, how economical growth leads to change in social behavior and eventually change in public policy. Globalization by these means is a process whereby a society acquires economic growth and sustainable human development through processes of democratization. However, these processes traditionally do not include gender in negotiation and representation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism as an ideology, institutions that promoted global economies and also the spread of capitalism appeared. The divide between East and West became a divide between North and South now based on economic perspectives instead of political doctrines. Globalization is than characterized by free trade and the virtual removal of borders in order to promote exchange of goods, services and capital between nations. The countries in the northern hemisphere have experienced at least one industrial revolution and therefore have the advantage of being able to produce higher quality goods and using more advanced technology in their production methods. Countries in the Southern hemisphere are predominantly agrarian, so for the most part feudal societies instead of industrialized ones. This observable fact, lack of industrialization, is directly linked to the disadvantages that many developing countries experience, to compete with the countries of the developed world. As a result their participation in the globalization process is limited to being suppliers of raw materials. The Northerners, or developed countries, use these materials to produce high-end products for the world market including to countries who are the very same raw material supplier. The obstacle for developing countries to compete equally is often caused by the backwardness of their economic development based on their history of colonialism. Imperialism and colonialism theorized Imperialism and colonialism are factors one should consider when analyzing a countries successful participation in the global economy. Not only did these phenomena affected the colonialized countries economies by stripping their resources. Its population experienced a so called identity crisis, because they were not used to their independent status nor had they the understanding of political functions and their relationships. The inequality between developed states and developing states is discussed in the politics of modernization by Max Weber. There are three theories that are influencing developing countries. The first one, the Dependency Theory is a marxist inspired theory that entails concepts such as Core or Metropolis, (developed states) Periphery or Satellite ( developing states) and semi periphery( industrialized states that are still considered developing countries). There is a dependency between the Core and Periphery because of their interaction with each other. The core provides technology and expertise and the periphery provides the raw materials. The raw materials are offered very cheap, but in return the high end products are sold for a high price, which results in poorer countries facing a constant deficit between their export and import income. The theory assumes that core and periphery need each other to exist, but based on this interdependence some scholars of Stanfords Universities Hoover Institutions Office of Public Affairs, maintain that globalization is yet another type of imperialism. Marxist ideology as an inspiration for the Dependency Theory, claims that isolation policy provides the solution for getting rid of the unequal interdependence between rich and poor countries. Siegel et al claims that using methods such as import substitution strategy result in decline of export industry which is necessary for investment in technology to achieve advanced phases of industrialization. The theory is challenged by the lack of categorizing NICs, or new industrialized countries. An example of an NIC are oil producing countries, but calling them semi peripheral takes them out of the equation in which core and periphery are compared. To deal with crisis of nation building, state building, participation and distribution, (Almond and Powell 1966) comprehension of the Politics of Modernization is required. This pro-capitalist perspective assumes that modernization will develop similarly in the North and the South. The second theory as described by Burnell and Randall (p17), Gabriel Almonds Political Development Theory, uses a structural model for comparative analysis in which he incorporates input functions (i.e. political socialization, political recruitment, interest articulation and political communication) and output functions (i.e. rulemaking, rule implementation and rule adjudication) as a guiding principle for political development. In addition, a stable government is required to change traditional habits and principles. However, to the contrary, Burnell and Randall ( intro4) claim that developing countries, in their post- colonial phase show: authoritarian rule, political instability, internal conflict, corr uption and politics of religious or ethnic identity. The third theory of modernization, the Globalization Theory focuses on the development of communication, technology and infrastructure leading to global economic integration. According to Burnell and Randall, the Dependency- and Political Development Theory were more concerned with politics and the role of the state, which is completely opposite of the Globalization Theory which mainly focuses on development of global trade, foreign direct investment and global finance. One direct result of this focus is that the nation state loses its autonomy and eliminates one of the most primary functions, security. Protecting of ones borders, economy and inhabitants is a function that is important for very poor countries as their existence is depending on it. The controversy about the modernization theories is that they are based on ethnocentric political perspective. They are promoting an elite group of the haves and/or a capitalist class. The notion that globalization can bring everyone involved up to middle class system is ineligible. The free market system does not work for all developing countries because of the backwardness of their economy ( Burnell Randall, p3). As it took developed countries centuries to get where they are, the developing countries have to go to many stages of development to be able to compete. However, developing countries can not all be categorized in one group and to assume that all countries develop by the same principle is narrow sighted. Although, they do have a history of colonialism in common, their post -colonial development is depending on different factors. The Anglo- Saxon settler countries, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada took over the traditions, rules of law and property and indiv idual rights of the motherland, the United Kingdom. As they kept close ties with their previous occupiers by conducting trade and foreign investments, the transition to a developed nation was flawless. In other colonies, we see political fragmentation caused by religious and ethnic division in the countries. The economic effects of imperialism and colonialism are undeniable. The legacy is still noticeable in current world political dynamics and plays a significant role in developing countries ability to develop successful economies and achieve the same standards in civil development and human equality. GLOBALIZATION AND INEQUALITY Globalization decreases inequality! This is a common assumption for most people, but few know how inequality and economic growth are linked. For the purpose of this paper, we have to look at several forms of inequality as gender inequality is coupled with economic, social, and political inequality. Looking at economic growth in most countries, one can conclude that globalization is good for everyone as most people, even the very poor achieve prosperity. Lall et al., discusses the correlation of this viewpoint with Kuznetss hypothesis in which income inequality rises at the beginning of the industrialization process but once established it decreases again. They observed that increased technology, financial and trade globalization increased inequality, while liberalization of trade and financial markets lowered income inequality. The other outlook claims that prosperity is not shared by the whole population and that only a small group benefits from economic growth. As a matter of fact, the alleged income inequality does not advance globalization processes as the so called losers may become a burden on the welfare state. Concurrently, the machinery of globalization is obstructed and not all opportunities are exhausted. For example, proceeds are not invested in the industry but in distribution of income. Social inequality refers to differences in class and status. A good example is the cast system in India, based on religion but also on heritage. The ranking of elite groups based on descend is an inequality that is not a result of globalization. However, the status inherited came with special treatment such as education opportunity and predisposition to economic and other business dealings. In the United States, equality of men, particularly the black man has been legitimized just a few decades ago. Women, especially, the ones that live in fundamentalist religious societies are denied basic social rights and are clearly victims of social inequality. In many develop ing countries political inequality becomes evident in traditional expressions of tribal culture, the client-patron relationships, nepotism and the lack of established laws for civil and constitutional rights. GENDER INEQUALITY Gender inequality is a current world problem and is found in developed and developing countries. The Worldbank claims that in any region, any state and any social class inequality between men and women exists. A few exceptions to this rule are the Scandinavian countries. The strong democratic political structures of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland and strong women organizations are believed to be the reason for this transformation in policy making. Gender Equality defined as the difference between men and women and equality in their rights perceived fair based on their biological differences. Traditionally, gender differences and roles between men and women is based on the fact that women are the bearers and caregivers of children. Men are physically stronger and therefore, the breadwinners. Each culture has their own interpretations of these gender specific roles, but with globalization socio-economic trends change as well. Inequality, weather economic, social or political have been researched and play a significant role in economic development, but also in human civil development. Gender inequality is linked to appropriate functioning of our social institutions and organizations. Suppression of womens social and economic rights often happens unknowingly because there is insufficient importance placed on gender as a factor in decision making. However, I see patriarchy as the determining factor leading to inequality in womens life. MEASURING GENDER INEQUALITY The United Nations Human Development Report measures inequality between men and women in countries. This method, GEM or Gender Empowerment Measurement, considers political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and the access to economical resources. Than a calculation of each genders percentile in three areas is studied. The first measurement looks at the percentage of each gender in parliament. The second measurement focuses on the level of the position held, whether it is executive or managerial or staff. The last measurement, researches the disparity in income. Both percentage data for female and male are paired for each measurement and combined in the EDEP, (Equally Distributed Equivalent Percentage). The GEM is than calculated by averaging the EDEPs . Gender equality by regiongender_equality_index.jpg WOMENS ROLE IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS For the longest time women have not participated in the political process because of several reasons. First of all, women suffrage has not been an option in every country and was not established until the late 19th century. Most women in developing countries could not vote until the mid 50s. Governing has always been a mans job and until the networks to promote womens voices and their right to be heard were build, participating in the political process was impossible. Another obstacle is illiteracy; about two thirds of the worlds illiterates are women. Rao and Kelleher studied institutions and organizations that are involved in supporting women. They conclude that organizational structure and culture is the problem to the stagnating trend to policy change. The womens conference in Beijing in 1995 proved that women are mobilizing and that womens political activism and NGOs are increasing. The stigma that feminism creates has sometimes worked adversely for grass roots women movements a nd the resistance of a male driven government. Sikoska and Kardam infer in their study that engendering the political agenda is a slow process and requires gender advocacy on a government level. They believe that the focus on getting more women in parliamentarian seats does not warrant that women issues will be addressed. As strange as it might seem gender inequality also exists because of the lack of equality consciousness by both men and women. gender_education1.jpg INCOME AND LABOR Women earn less than men and this phenomenon arises in both developing and developed countries. This inequality has been accepted up to the 20th century as normal. Yet, the difference in pay of man and women is a form of exploitation as the employer can make additional profit based on the income inequality. Swasti Mitters claims regarding the working circumstances in the technology manufacturing industry in India , confirms my idea that in globalization the primary concern is profit. She says that in order to mobilize the employees to demand unions and healthy work environments their needs to be an opportunity for change, but as employees in this industry are so easily replaced it is hard to get support. In most developing countries women do not get paid for work on the land or any other domestic duties. They are required to take care of the children, the animals and very often they function as the head of the family. The patrimonial system, with men as the head of the families preve nt women to own land and therefore, government support for women in the agrarian sector is not available. HEALTH ISSUES Education is a first requirement for women to stimulate their personal and economic growth. Women who are educated are better in monitoring their families health (mothers make sure children get their vaccines) and providing proper nutrition. Burnell and Randall point out that the pronatalist view of developing states increases inequality as women do not have the ability to make choices over their bodies in terms of contraception and abortion. Many women die in labor and because of the restrictions on emergency contraception, local abortion practices lead to serious health issues and sometimes in death. One of the direct results of the government imposed restrictions is overpopulation, which leads to higher poverty and famine. Case studies. Engendering globalization in India India , a member of the BRIC countries because of its tremendous economic growth in the past decades is considered an example of successful globalization. The country has the largest population of one billion inhabitants, in the world. It also has one of the highest poverty levels of approximately 350- million people that are living below the poverty line. The overpopulation and illiteracy is one of the main reasons this country is so poverty stricken, with women and children as the main victims. Although the country has experienced an tremendous economic growth, the selectiveness of the industries involved in this development are not providing revenues for all areas. The middle class has experienced exponential increases in growth and wealth, but this has lead to deeper inequality. With other words, some parts are developing rapidly because of the new economic development (the urban areas) and there is the rural part that does not experience any of the growth. Actually, people in th e rural areas are getting poorer because of the commercialization of agriculture. The New Economic Policy of 1991 instigated by the IMF and the World Bank urged for human development but the policy has not been effective and at some cases it worsened inequality. Rekha Pande argues structural adjustment in particular is not gender neutral and that developmental policies affects both men and women. However, she points out that women carry the double burden of poverty and discrimination. She states that women are underpaid compared to men; they are not credit worthy to achieve loans and do not have the same access to resources as men and that these factors lead to further inequality. Women in general are not considered land owners even if statistics show that agriculture employs 85 % of all working women. The commercialization of agriculture caused many women to lose their source of income, as they could not compete with the bigger farms and landowners now hired cash workers instead of leasing their land to the landless women. CQ Researcher describes how the subsistence economy, where most of these women lived off to feed their families and make some income, providing they could sell their surplus, was now taken away and poverty deepened. Relocation to the urban areas is often the only option available for these female farmers. These displaced farmers become hired workers and are being exploited for very low wages, long working hours and no security or social benefits. Globalization does not provide the kind of richness people from the impoverished layer of the population expect. On the contrary, for many, globalization causes insecurity and inequality. Pande claims that women lose their identity and independence by giving up agriculture for a life of marginalization and pauperization. Case study: Afghanistan Afghanistan a country in South Central Asia, has a population of 28 million inhabitants consisting out of the Pashtuns, 44 % and Tajiks 25%. The remainder is divided over minorities groups. 60 % of the population is female, which is assumed happened because of the war casualties. The poverty rate is very high, in some areas over 90 %. The occupation by the Soviet Union and decades of civil war with the Mujahideen and the Taliban created an environment of economic and political chaos. They lack all essential resources, to stabilize their government but according to Huma Ahmed-Gosh this is the best period to establish a new economic polity because the country is in transf0rmation. The country had an economic growth of over 10% between 2003 and 2008 and the Afghans believe this growth can be achieved again in the very near future (World Bank 2008). USAID and the Afghan government are working together to establish economic programs that diminish poverty, provides security and stimulate t he private sector to do investments and create job opportunities. The agrarian industry is the main source of income for most Afghans. In cooperation with the World Bank a $30 million grant was approved for the Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program to assist farmers in the rural areas. An additional $23 million was pledged by the UK. This pilot program targets 20 different communities and is headed by one male and one female. Savings Groups were set up to be educated in finances and provide small loans to members of the communities. Enterprise Groups were established to create community based activities and projects. For the purpose of integration of women in the economical process, this pilot can already be considered successful as after 4 months over 300 groups were established from which half of them by women. Humah-Ahmed Gosh interviewed three Afghani women in Turin at an International Conference for women about the role of their respective womens organizations and th eir criteria for establishing equal women rights. RAWA, which stands for Revolutionary Association of the Woman in Afghanistan focuses on social justice and human rights for women. HAWCA or Humanitarian Assistance for Women and Children in Afghanistan agenda is to better the lives of women and children through empowerment and support womens involvement in rebuilding Afghanistan through education. The third organization, The All Afghan Womens Union, is headed by Soraya Parlika. She claims that teaching women skills and creating jobs is the best way to change family law and give women autonomy to eventually work to estebling a democratie. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are the most productive and effective means to change the political climate in Afghanistan. Globalization can change the patrilineal family structure by eliminating womens economic dependency. Conclusion Globalization and gender inequality are closely intertwined with each other. My studies of the subjects taught me that a thriving globalization process is dependent on many factors and there is significant variations in how each individual country s development is affected by these factors. First of all, the divide between North and South or rich and poor if you will, has an intricate influence on the ability of nations to fully exhaust the opportunities of globalization. That the Northerners had an advantage in the globalization race because of their role in imperialism is a fact. These nations already had gone through various stages of industrialization and achieved a higher level of civilization, resulting in higher educated employees and advanced industrialization technologies. In addition, their wealth opened opportunities for fast capital investments with tremendous gain. Most of the worlds multinational corporations were founded in the North, and that is where the profits are disbursed. The settler colonies are an exception to the rule as they were able to develop thriving economies in their post- colonial phase. Burnell and Randall analyze this phenomenon as being part of the dichotomy of the colonial elite which makes me think that Orientalism plays a significant role in the interaction between countries of the North and the South. . The role of patriarchy is rooted in society and is one of the main evils causing inequality for women. In the developed world women experience less gender inequality in the form of opportunity but more in the form of outcome. Secondly, as I mentioned processes of democratization are a vital requirement for a countrys economic growth and sustainable development. Democracy as an ideology, develops in different forms and previous colonies did not always develop into a democracy, mainly because of their pluralistic nature. However, globalization did develop in some countries with an authoritarian regime. This happened because of their resources. Good examples are the oil producing countries. In view of that, one can infer that the theories of modernization are incomplete. Some reasons are that they are eurocentric, anachronistic, uni-linear and the belief that politics in developing countries are made by domestic forces. The politics in developing countries are driven by the relationship between the state and society and depends on aspects such as finance, economy and technology. I think that countries, better said political leaders and heads of multinational corporations, are rational actors and that choices made are based on opportunities for personal gain and economic benefits. Women work hard in the development world and with globalization their numbers are increasing. Multinational corporations have transferred their manufacturing activities to developing countries because of their human capital. Globalization as a process should not have a negative effect on women in the developed world if it uses democratic processes and pursues rising the human standards of living. The controversy however, is that free trade and openness of the economic markets is not monitored by states. Transnational corporations have only one goal and that is making profits. In the developed countries regulations were in place to prevent exploitation of the factory workers through trade unions and labor laws. As most developing countries have not experienced an industrial revolution on their own, the process is expedited and some crucial steps of labor development are bypassed. Lack of education and poverty are the drivers for many women to sustain the treatment experienced in their work environments. Changing the politics and mentality is a slow process and NGOs promoting the welfare of women gain only small victories. The nation state should take control by using their sovereignty and demand changes when it comes to abuse of their inhabitants. The dominance of the richer states undermines this right, but it is apparent that countries like India and China are being listened to. Once a standard is set it can easily be globalized as a standard for all countries. I used India as an example in a case study because of my hypothesis. My choice was lead by factors such as the level of successfulness of this countries globalization, but also the adverse effect of globalization on the female population, resulting in gender inequality. Afghanistan on the other hand is an example, from which I believe that globalization can effect gender inequality positively. As shown by the humanitarian aid projects, whereby womens involvement is strong, interference by fundamentalist religion diminished. As discussed by Osborne and Gaebler, governments should steer not row. The conflict needs policies to resolve gender inequalities on a global scale as the diversity among people and the differences in cultures and tradition ask for different measures in each country. Therefore a global effort is needed by cooperation of the nation states. I researched India as an example because it fits my hypothesis that globalization can cause more inequality for women. With other dominance of the richer countries, their MNCs, foreign investmSecondlyents and transfer of resources has undermined the role of India as a nation state. ORIENTALISM AND RACIAL DOCTRINESj *Empowerment thru collective action instead of culture Women who are involved in subsistence economies and do not partake in the industrialization process. Globalization in Developing countricesk Globalization in fundamentalist societies Inequality as a tool Traditionally, men monopolize politics and Organisations The role of Democratie Engendering local and national politics References Hoover Institution: globalization versus imperialism Hoover Report February 11, 2002 Hoover Daily Report, produced by the Hoover Institution Office of Public Affairs Florence Jaumotte, Subir Lall,and Chris Papageorgiou : Rising Income Inequality Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?

History And Development Of The Internet Essay -- essays research paper

History and Development of the Internet The internet is a global computer network connecting millions and millions of users throughout the world. (Leiner, 2). It has become one of the fastest growing forms of communication today. (Marshall, 1). The Internet started as a Defense Department Cold War experiment in the 1950’s. (Academic American, 225). The government needed a way to relay information between tanks and headquarters so the APRA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) sought a way to let signals from the battlefield reach a headquarters computer using satellites and radio signals. At the same time the command posts of the nation were located deep underground in mountains in fear of nuclear war. (Diamond, 3). Paul Baran, working for the U.S. Air Force, developed a network that could reroute itself around damage caused by the impact of an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile by using "redundancy of connectivity". This meant that in the event of a break in the network the server would re-route the information in an alternate path through a new technique called "packet switching". Packet Switching is a means of breaking up the message being sent into small packets which carry enough inform ation to seek out its destination and sending them out separately towards the destination server. The message after being broken up would take separate routes to the destination and then be re-assembled by the computer at the server where the message was being sent. This was good because with more than one route for information to travel on, the enemy did not have one central point to target their attack to break the lines of communication and in the event of some break in the line information could still travel through. (Diamond, 4). This all interested the APRA enough to fund the research and development of an experimental computer network with hopes of demonstrating the feasibility of remote computer operation from the battlefield. Vinton Cerf also called "The Father of the Internet", a graduate student working at UCLA began to take interest in the 4 node APRAnet, and in 1973 developed the first TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) software. (Leiner, 4). TCP/IP software converts messages into streams, transmits them acro... ...e the controversial newsgroups (until this point net. had held everything). Some systems had refused to carry the controversial newsgroups like net.rec.drugs so the ".alt" (alternative) hierarchy was created. (Diamond, 12) After the development and merger of APRAnet and usenet the internet began to grow exponentially. (Diamond, 11). The internet evolved from a small government project to the fastest growing form of communication it is today. (Blom, 2) Bibliography "Internet." Academic American Encyclopedia. 1996. Diamond, Edwin and Stephen Bates. "The Ancient History of the Internet." American Heritage. Oct. 1995: pp. 34+. In Social Issues Resource Series, Inc. History- Article #17. Blom, Eric. "Ruts in Rural Info Highway." Maine Sunday Telegram (Portland, ME). CD Newsbank. 12 April 1998. Mashall, Joshua Micah. "Will Free Speech Get Tangled in the Net?" American Prospect. Jan./Feb. 1998: pp. 46-50. In Social Issues Resource Series, Inc. Internet, Censorship- Article #1. Leiner, Barry. "A Brief History of the Internet." 17 December 1998. http://www.isoc.org/internet-history/brief.html

Free Capital Punishment Essays - Murderers and Rapists Deserve Another Chance! :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Capital Punishment Essays - Murderers and Rapists Deserve Another Chance! When turning on the television, radio, or simply opening the local newspaper, one is bombarded with news of arrests, murders, homicides, serial killers, and other such tragedies. It is a rare occasion to go throughout a day in this world and not hear of these things. So what should be done about this crime rate? Not only is it committing a crime, but today, it is signing your life over to the government. This is a risk one is taking when he decides to pull a trigger or plunge a knife, but is it really up to our justice system to decide one's fate? There are many issues that address this question of capital punishment such as religion, the effect on society, restitution being denied, the possible "wrongly accused", and the rights of the convicted. But how often do these concepts creep into the public's mind when it hears of our 'fair, trusty' government taking away someone's breathing rights? The Bible states "Thou shalt not kill," and this being a sin should have to be amended within oneself. However, the Bible also states "Don't judge others' personal convictions." It is the government's responsibility to punish people that disobey the law to keep our world in tact but is it their right to take away their lives? It is a Christian's responsibility to point out to those who sin that they do so and this country, trusting in God as it says it does, should do just that. So if the government stands strongly by this statement that's on the dollar bill, may they line up all the liars, adulterers, Buddhists, thieves, covetous and murderers at the chair. If they shall look into this one sin as so evil may they see all ten commandments so holy. The society is so confused as to what is "right." More and more children are becoming murderers themselves. The reason is obvious: they see that if they kill someone they go to jail, get the death penalty, and the government, who they know as the "good guy" kills them for punishment. Lesson learned: the finger is pointing to its own actions. Learning morals is only as hard as people make it. Why complicate things? Some people think that restitution is granted when one is sentenced to the death penalty.

Romeo and Juliet: in Love or Hit with Infatuation

Romeo and Juliet: in love or hit with infatuation To the person that has these feelings infatuation and actual love are very difficult to differentiate. Even if these two emotions are very similar they have different effects on ones life. In infatuation usually develops to quickly such as â€Å"love at first sight†. On the other hand real love grows moderately and takes time, but the effects last longer. In my opinion this â€Å"star struck† couple was simply hit with infatuation not love.In this Shakespearean story feelings of love are portrayed, when actually most of the events that occur relate to infatuation such as Romeo and Juliet’s instant feelings toward each other. One of the signs of infatuation according to June Callwood, a writer from the Globe and Mail archives, is an instant feeling of affection, â€Å"love at first sight†. Romeo and Juliet experienced this when they met in the party held by the Capulets. Even On the balcony Juliet barely kno ws his name and already she was talking about her â€Å"love† for Romeo.Not only did this â€Å"love at first sight† occur quickly, but Romeo had this feeling after the incident with Rosaline. The fact that this event happened to Romeo after the event with Rosaline, only serves to further on support the definition of infatuation. When Romeo met Juliet he was as one would say â€Å"on the rebound†, which caused him to fall in the state of infatuation. These along with many other events could have been the cause of Romeo falling for Juliet. Their quick affection for each other didn't allow them to think things thru and caused them to rush into a relationship they were not ready for.Another sign of infatuation is the great feeling one has to marry the other person. Romeo and Juliet rushed into a marriage without knowing much about each other. Their quick marriage was an event that might have had a lot to do with their death. This rush into actions without thinking is a result of the effects of infatuation. Some might say that their marriage occurred because they â€Å"loved† each other, but research has shown that the relationships that last longest develop slowly.These long lasting marriages did not occur as quickly like Romeo and Juliet’s, instead they took their time to make sure one is ready. Romeo and Juliet not only married quickly, but most of the time they all they wanted was physical enjoyment. In act 2 scene 2, the balcony scene, Romeo says â€Å"O wilt thou leave me unsatisfied? †. Those who are in real love are patient and don’t just want sex. This dissatisfaction without physical enjoyment is one of the greatest signs of infatuation.